Oxidative stress and chronological aging can cause NAD+ breakdown in the skin. The NAD+ metabolic pathway has been identified as a therapeutic target to promote cellular health. Recent studies have shown that enhancing NAD+ levels in the layers of the skin can protect against global oxidative cell damage, replenish total NAD+ stores, and restore optimal skin cell function.

Liposomes seem to be an almost ideal carrier system to chaperone molecules to the cells of target tissues. Micro-vesicle technology can act as a platform for the transdermal delivery of various micronutrients such as NAD+ and NMN through the skin using fluidizing liposomes incorporated within standard cosmetic bases. Liposomes circulate in the blood the longest, leading to longer half-life of the active ingredients, which translates to greater time of effectiveness.

Apocynin is the only known substance able to stimulate growth of the deepest layers of collagen (COL17A1) and repair damaged skin, leading scientists to say it may be possible to reverse our skin's timeline at the cellular level. Apocynin is well known as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and has powerful anti-inflammatory effects on the skin.

Skin aging is driven by both external and internal factors such as sun exposure (UV), stress, environmental toxins and the natural mechanisms of aging occurring in all cells and tissues. Tissues with a high cellular turnover, such as the skin, require higher doses of NAD+ to counteract daily genomic threats, activate sirtuin repair proteins, and to rejuvenate skin.

Free fatty acids (FFAs), specifically monounsaturated FFAs such as oleic acid, may relax the skin barrier and act as permeability enhancers for other compounds present in plant oils and topical formulas. Dr. David Sinclair has stated that he is using Oleic Acid, which stimulates the longevity-linked protein Sirt1 and maintains skin health.